Effect of cryoprotectants, extenders and freezing rates on the fertilization rate of frozen striped catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage), sperm

The effects of four cryoprotectants (methanol, MeOH; dimethyl sulphoxide, DMSO; dimethyl acetamide, DMA; and ethylene glycol, EG), three extenders (calcium‐free Hanks' balanced salt solution, C‐F HBSS, Hanks' balanced salt solution, HBSS and sodium chloride, NaCl) and two different freezing procedures (one‐ and two‐step) on the cryopreservation of striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage)) sperm were investigated. Sperm were frozen using a controlled‐rate freezer in 250 μL straws and stored for 2 weeks in a liquid nitrogen (LN₂) container. They were then airthawed at room temperature, and fertilization, motility and viability were assessed. The highest fertilization rate of 41% (81% of control) was achieved with the combination of 12% DMSO and 0.9% NaCl using a one‐step freezing procedure (10°C min^?1). Also, DMA resulted in a higher fertilization rate (30% or 51% of the control) than MeOH (18% or 38% of the control) or EG (8% or 12% of the control). In addition, the three extenders used did not affect fertilization rates after cryopreservation with each cryoprotectant. There were no significant differences among the three cryoprotectant concentrations and between the one‐ and two‐step freezing procedures. However, fertilization rates of cryopreserved sperm were significantly lower than the controls (P<0.05). The results of this study indicate that high fertilization rates of striped catfish eggs can be achieved using cryopreserved sperm when frozen at 10°C min^?1 in DMSO or DMA with either 0.9% NaCl or C‐F HBSS.     

Effect of cryoprotectants, equilibration periods and freezing rates on cryopreservation of spermatozoa of mahseer, Tor khudree (Sykes) and T. putitora (Hamilton)

A study was conducted to standardize a protocol for cryopreservation of spermatozoa of the endangered mahseer, Tor khudree (Sykes) and T. putitora (Hamilton). The suitability of the cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and glycerol, and the combination of the two were tested. Four equilibration periods and four freezing rates were also tested for their standardization. A combination of 9% DMSO and 11% glycerol gave significantly higher mean percentage of hatching in both T. khudree (45.59±1.86%) (control 71.08±0.59%) and T. putitora (45.00±1.25%) (control 73.48±1.19%) among the eight different treatments. Among the four different equilibration periods tested, the equilibration period of 30 min^?1 yielded the highest mean hatching percentage in T. khudree (39.46±1.94%) (control 71.70±0.61%) and T. putitora (38.28±1.06%) (control 73.11±0.82%). Freezing straws at a height of 8 cm above LN₂ surface for 10 min^?1 gave higher hatching percentages for both T. khudree (41.75±1.72%) (control 73.99±1.17%) and T. putitora (41.34±2.04%) (control 72.48±1.51%). The study reports the superior performance of the combination of DMSO and glycerol for the first time.     

小麦冻害发生原因及防御对策

分析了小麦发生冻害的多种原因,并结合多年工作实践,提出了一些预防小麦冻害发生的对策,以促进小麦获得高产。     

辽西地区春播期土壤湿度变化特征及气象影响因子分析

利用1981—2011年辽西地区土壤相对湿度、降水和气温资料,对该区土壤湿度和降水变化特征及二者关系进行分析。结果表明：土壤湿度具有明显干化趋势,同期降水不是唯一影响因子;春播期土壤湿度与前秋降水正相关,深层相关系数为0.69,与底墒显著正相关,相关系数最高可达0.84,如此显著的正相关是由于北方特有的封冻雨,秋季降水封冻在土壤里,到第二年春季,气温升高,解冻返浆,土壤变得湿润;5月土壤湿度与同期降水呈正相关,浅 层相关系数为0.67,与气温呈负相关,深层相关系数为-0.58。     

矿化度对微润灌土壤入渗特性的影响

采用室内土箱模拟试验的方式,研究了5种矿化度条件下微润灌土壤水分的入渗特性。试验结果表明:矿化度对湿润体形状影响小,微润灌湿润体横剖面呈近似圆形;矿化度对湿润体体积影响较大,矿化水湿润体体积大于清水的湿润体体积。当矿化度为3 g/L时,微润灌湿润体湿润锋运移速率最大,湿润锋运移速率与时间呈幂函数关系。矿化水可增加微润灌的累计入渗量,但累计入渗量与矿化度之间不是单调关系,当矿化度为3 g/L时,累计入渗量达到最大,土壤平均含水率也最大。     

渗透脱水预处理对蓝莓冷冻融化后品质的影响

以蓝莓为试材,研究渗透脱水预处理对物料冷冻融化后品质的影响,设置-18 ℃普通缓冻和-80 ℃超低温速冻方式为对照组,静置渗透脱水冷冻和超声波辅助渗透脱水冷冻为试验组,测定蓝莓的冻结曲线、汁液流失率、硬度、色泽、可溶性固形物含量、花青素含量、过氧化物酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性。结果表明：静置渗透脱水预处理使蓝莓的冻结时间相对于普通缓冻缩短了9.41%,在可溶性固形物含量和硬度方面显著高于其他处理组（P＜0.05）,保持了良好的色泽和外观品质,同时可以有效抑制酶活性;超声波辅助渗透脱水预处理虽然比静置渗透脱水预处理提高了蓝莓冻结速率,并对蓝莓花青素的保留具有和超低温速冻相近的效果,但在其他指标上显著低于普通渗透脱水预处理组（P＜0.05）。研究认为：两种渗透脱水预处理均比-18 ℃冻藏效果更好,且静置渗透脱水冷冻蓝莓更适合保留物料的加工食用品质,超声波辅助渗透脱水预处理可以有效保留冻融蓝莓的花青素。     

茶园晚霜冻害及其防治

茶园晚霜冻害造成茶树芽叶焦灼甚至枝梢枯死亡,严重影响茶叶产量和品质。本文对晚霜冻害发生的原因及影响因素,就防御晚霜冻害发生的措施以及灾后补救等方面研究进行了综述,以期为有效降低晚霜冻害影响提供参考。     

旱冻双重胁迫下的冬小麦幼苗长势遥感监测研究

为了探讨"旱冻交加"的气候条件下遥感监测小麦苗情的可行性,以河南省冬小麦为例,利用多时相MODIS为遥感数据源,引入了广泛用于小麦苗情监测的距平植被指数(AVI),同时基于植被健康状态指数(VHI)和晚霜冻害综合指数(I),构建了旱冻双重胁迫条件下的小麦苗情综合指数(CI),以反映冬小麦拔节期的生长状况,并分别利用实测样点苗情分类和距平植被指数对结果进行验证。结果表明,CI的总体分类精度为85.00%,Kappa系数为0.74;冬小麦总茎数与CI呈线性正相关关系,拟合方程为y=8.732CI+1.256,决定系数为0.605 3;与实测样本对比,CI预测精度为73.30%,苗情分类分级更符合小麦生长实际情况。因此认为旱冻双重胁迫下可以利用CI对冬小麦苗情进行监测。     

华南芒果种植区寒冻害危险性区划与评估

利用华南（广东、广西、福建）芒果种植区115个气象站1961−2016年观测资料,结合芒果寒冻害指标,采用加权综合评价法,确定种植区各气象站点的寒冻害危险性指数,建立寒冻害危险性指数与地理因子之间的多元线性回归模型,并基于GIS技术对华南芒果种植区寒冻害危险性进行区划。结果表明：华南芒果种植区寒冻害危险性与地理因子之间关系密切,总体呈现由沿海到内陆,寒冻害危险性逐渐变大的趋势,此外,随着纬度和海拔的增高,从南到北芒果寒冻害危险性程度也逐渐增大。轻度危险区主要分布在华南芒果种植区南部沿海地带及部分内陆地市的低海拔地区,占种植区面积比例为56.85%,该区域适合大规模种植芒果;中度寒冻害危险性区域主要分布在华南芒果种植区内陆中低海拔地区以及北部高纬度沿海地区,占种植区面积比例为37.03%;重度以上的寒冻害危险性区域主要分布在华南芒果种植区内陆高海拔地区,占种植区面积比例为6.12%。通过历史灾情和各县区年产量资料验证,区划结果与实际较为吻合,研究结果可为华南地区芒果的优化布局和防灾减灾提供参考。     

小鼠胚胎直接投入液氮冷冻保存试验

室温下,将292枚小鼠胚胎在含128.9g/L甘油PBSS(含20％犊牛血清的磷酸盐缓冲液)和含193.2g/L甘油+85.6g/L蔗糖PBSS内分别孵育片刻,装管后直接投入液氮冷冻保存。冻胚快速解冻后,用含342.3g/L蔗糖PBSS脱去甘油,用PBSS清洗后镜下观察评定,胚胎回收率为86.9％(254/292),胚胎形态正常率为77.1％(196/254)。其中部分桑椹胚经体外培养,囊胚发育率为71.4％(20/28)。将110枚冻胚移植给7只受体,3只妊娠,产仔12只(5,7),妊娠率为43％(3/7),产仔率为10.9％(12/110),其中囊胚移植1只受体妊娠产仔3只,产仔率为25％(3/12)。